The Change Role of Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy (OT) is an important part of special education that helps students develop the skills they need to succeed in everyday tasks, both at school and at home. These tasks, or “occupations,” include things like writing, using scissors, organizing, and even managing social interactions. For students with disabilities, occupational therapy can help them build skills in areas where they might struggle, such as motor skills, sensory processing, or even cognitive skills. Let’s look at how OT can help students of different ages, from preschool through high school, and how it plays an important role during the transition years.
OT in Preschool: Building Basic Skills
In preschool, children are just beginning to develop the basic motor and sensory skills they need for everyday activities. Occupational therapy at this stage often focuses on helping students with fine motor skills (such as using a pencil or holding scissors), gross motor skills (like running, jumping, and balancing), and sensory processing (how children respond to sounds, sights, and textures). For example, a preschool child with a disability might have trouble holding a crayon or tying their shoes. An occupational therapist can work with them on improving these skills, which helps the child participate in classroom activities and develop independence.
OT can also help children with disabilities learn to focus, follow directions, and engage in group activities, which are important for their social and academic success. For example, some children might become easily distracted by bright lights or loud noises, and an occupational therapist can teach them ways to manage these sensory challenges so they can stay focused on their tasks.
OT in Elementary School: Gaining Independence
As students enter elementary school, their tasks become more complex. Occupational therapy during these years often focuses on helping students gain greater independence in school-related activities. For example, children might need help with handwriting, cutting with scissors, or organizing their school supplies. OT also helps students improve their ability to focus, follow a schedule, and complete assignments.
For some students, OT also works on social skills, such as how to take turns, understand body language, or engage in group activities. Occupational therapists can provide strategies and exercises to help students with disabilities feel more confident and included in social settings, which can be especially important in elementary school when building friendships and interacting with peers.
OT in Middle School: Refining Skills and Preparing for More Demands
By middle school, students are expected to manage more complex assignments, including written reports, group projects, and longer periods of sitting and concentrating. OT helps students during these years by teaching them strategies to stay organized, manage their time, and complete tasks efficiently. For example, some students might need help with organizing their schoolwork, setting up their backpacks, or using a planner to keep track of assignments and deadlines.
In addition to academic skills, OT can continue to focus on social skills. Middle school is a time when students start navigating more challenging social situations, and OT can help students learn how to manage conflict, communicate effectively, and develop strong peer relationships.
OT in High School: Focus on Academic Success and Independence
In high school, the demands of academic work become even more intense. Occupational therapy can help students with disabilities manage the increased workload and the need for more independence. High school students often use computers and tablets more frequently, so OT might focus on helping students develop computer skills, like typing or using assistive technology to support their learning. For students with disabilities that affect fine motor skills, OT can help improve typing speed or suggest assistive tools, such as voice-to-text software.
In addition, OT continues to help with social skills and self-regulation. High school can be a stressful time for students as they prepare for college or the workforce, and OT can teach strategies for managing stress, staying organized, and planning for the future.
OT During the Transition Years (Ages 16-21)
The transition years, from ages 16 to 21, are a critical time for students with disabilities. This is when students begin preparing for life after high school, whether that means going to college, entering the workforce, or living independently. Occupational therapy plays an important role in helping students build the skills they need for adulthood.
During this time, OT can focus on practical life skills, such as budgeting, cooking, and personal care. For example, an OT might work with a student on how to make a grocery list, manage money, or plan meals. These skills are essential for living independently.
In addition to life skills, OT can help students prepare for work by teaching skills like time management, following workplace routines, and practicing job-specific tasks. For example, a student interested in a job that requires manual labor might practice using tools or completing tasks similar to those they will encounter in the workplace. OT can also assist with communication and social skills, helping students prepare for interviews, work relationships, and navigating workplace culture.
Conclusion
Occupational therapy is a powerful tool that helps students with disabilities build the skills they need for success, from preschool through high school and into adulthood. By focusing on fine and gross motor skills, sensory processing, social skills, and life skills, OT can help students become more independent, confident, and prepared for the future. Whether a student needs help with handwriting in elementary school or learning how to budget in the transition years, occupational therapy plays a critical role in their educational journey.